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Recommended General References on Malaria Control

• Gilles, Herbert M., and David A. Warrell. December 1993. Bruce-Chwatt's Essential Malariology. Third edition. London: Oxford University Press. Healthlink Worldwide. "Child Health Dialogue." Issue 6. London.

  This 16-page issue with a supplement on malaria contains information on prevention, recognition, and management of malaria in young children and pregnant women. CHD is free to readers in developing countries. In addition to the international English edition, 11 regional language editions are also produced. An adapted text is available on electronic mail in selected countries via Healthnet. To subscribe to a published version of "Child Health Dialogue," contact Mary Helena, Publications Secretary, Healthlink Worldwide, 29?35 Farringdon Road, London EC1M 3JB. Tel: +44 171 2420606, Fax: +44 171 2420041, E-mail: info@healthlink.org.uk, Internet: http://www.healthlink.org.uk/. For the electronic version of CHD please contact: hnet@usa.healthnet.org. Healthlink Worldwide produces a range of free publications for health workers in developing countries.

Recommended References on Specific Aspects of Malaria Control

Malaria case management in facilities and drug resistance

• Redd, S. C., P. N. Kazembe, S. P. Luby, O. Nwanyanwu, A. W. Hightower, C. Ziba, J. J. Wirima, L. Chitsulo, C. Franco, and M. Olivar. 1996. "Clinical Algorithm for Treatment of Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in Children." Lancet, 347(96/January 26), 223-27.

  This reference brings up important issues for case management: a new case definition for malaria, the issue of overtreatment with the related risk of resistance. To assess this policy and to find out whether a better clinical case definition could be devised, this paper assessed children with fever in two hospital different outpatient departments in Malawi.

• Bloland, P. B., P. N. Kazembe, and A. J. Oloo. 1998. "Chloroquine in Africa: Critical Assessment and Recommendations for Monitoring and Evaluating Chloroquine Therapy Efficacy in Sub-Saharan Africa." Tropical Medicine and International Health, 3(7/July), 543-52.
• Gove, S. 1997. "Integrated Management of Childhood Illness by Outpatient Health Care Workers: Technical Basis and Overview." Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 75(Suppl. 1), 7-24.
• Makler, M. T., C. J. Palmer, and A. L. Ager. 1998. "A Review of Practical Techniques for the Diagnosis of Malaria." Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 92(4/June), 419-33.
• Ofori-Adjei, D., and D. K. Arhinful. 1996. "Effect of Training on the Clinical Management of Malaria by Medical Assistants in Ghana." Social Science and Medicine, 42(8), 1169-76.
• White, N. J. 1996. "The Treatment of Malaria." New England Journal of Medicine, 335(11/September 12), 800-6.
• WHO/UNICEF. 1995. Integrated Management of Childhood Illness. Child Health and Development. Geneva: World Health Organization. (WHO/CDR/995.14)
• The IMCI charts and manuals for health facility clinicians include guidelines for the management of fever in areas of low and high malaria risk, and address the overlap of malaria and pneumonia.
• Newton, P. and N. White. 1999. "Malaria: New Developments in Treatment and Prevention." Annual Review of Medicine, 50( ), 179-92. Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. Fnnjw@diamond.mahidol.ac.th

  A review paper for those interested in issues of antimalarial resistance. Discusses new drugs and use of bednets. Explains why vaccine is ultimately needed.

Malaria Case Management in the Home and Community

• Beales, P. F. 1997. "Anaemia in malaria control: a practical approach." Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 91(7/October), 713-18.
• McCombie, S. C. 1996. "Treatment seeking for Malaria: A Review of Recent Research." Social Science and Medicine, 43(6/September), 933-45.
• Ruebush, T. K., M. K. Kern; and C. C. Campbell. 1995. "Self-treatment of Malaria in a Rural Area of Western Kenya." Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 73(2), 229-36.
• Winch, P. J., A. M. Makemba, and S. R. Kamazima. 1996. "Local Terminology for Febrile Illnesses in Bagamayo District, Tanzania, and Its Impact on the Design of a Community-Based Malaria Control Programme." Social Science and Medicine, 42 ( ), 1057-67.

Antenatal Prevention and Control of Malaria

• Intermittent sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine to prevent severe anaemia secondary to malaria in pregnancy: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Shulman CE, Dorman EK, Cutts F, Kawuondo K, Bulmer JN, Peshu N, Marsh K Lancet 1999 Feb 20;353(9153):632-6 London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK. c.shulman@lshtm.ac.uk

  This is considered a seminal paper, central to the malaria in pregnancy strategy.

  The efficacy of intermittent treatment doses of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in preventing malaria and severe anaemia in pregnancy in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial among primigravid women was studied. It was concluded that intermittent presumptive treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine is an effective, practicable strategy to decrease the risk of severe anaemia in primigravidae living in malarious areas.

• Nahlen, B. D., et al. 1998. HIV and Malaria overlap and do interact in sub-Saharan Africa Pregnant Women." Abstract, 12th World AIDS Conference (Geneva, Switzerland), June 28-July 3.
• Menendez, C., E. Kahigwa, and R. Hirt. 1997. "Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial of Iron Supplementation and Malaria Chemoprophylaxis for Prevention of Severe Anaemia and Malaria in Tanzanian Infants." Lancet, 350(9081/September 20), 844-50.
• Menendez, C. 1995. "Malaria during pregnancy: A priority area of malaria research and control." Parasitology Today 11:178-183.
• Steketee, R., B. D. Nahlen, and J. Ayisi. 1998. "HIV and Malaria Overlap and Do Interact in Sub-Saharan Africa Pregnant Women." Twelfth International Conference on AIDS (Geneva, Switzerland) 12(145). Abstract no. 13298. (Author is affiliated with the CDC in Atlanta, Georgia, 30333. Contact them for the article.)
• Steketee, R., and J. Wirima. 1996. "Malaria Prevention in Pregnancy: The Effects of Treatment and Chemoprophylaxis on Placental Malaria Infection, Low Birth Weight, and Fetal Infant and Child Survival." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 55(1, Suppl.), entire volume (16 articles).

Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Nets

• Bryce, J., J. B. Roungou, and P. Nguyen-Dinh. 1994. "Evaluation of National Malaria Control Programmes in Africa." Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 72(3), 371-81.
• Curtis C. F., J. Myamba, and T. J. Wilkes. 1996. "Comparison of Different Insecticides and Fabrics for Anti-Mosquito Bednets and Curtains." Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 10(1), 1-11.
• Evans, David, Girma Azene, and Joses Kirigia. 1997. "Should Governments Subsidize the Use of Insecticide Impregnated Mosquito Nets in Africa? Implication of a Cost-effectiveness Analysis." Health Policy and Planning, 12(2), 107-114.
• Healthlink, Worldwide. 1997. Insecticide Treated Nets for Malaria Control. London: Healthlink, Worldwide.

  A directory of suppliers of insecticides and mosquito nets for sub-Saharan Africa. Includes practical information on the preparation and use of treated mosquito nets; suppliers of finished nets, bulk netting, insecticides and related products for malaria control; and a list of useful contacts and resource materials. Single copies free of charge. (34 pages)

• Lengeler, Christian, Jacqueline Cattani, and Don de Savigny, eds. 1996. Net Gain: A New Method for Preventing Malaria Death. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre/World Health Organization. (189 pages)
• Mills, A. 1998. "Operational Research on the Economics of Insecticide-treated Mosquito Nets: Lessons of Experience." Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 92(4), 435-47.

The following three documents are available from the Malaria Consortium "Converting Expertise and Partnerships Into Operational Realities"; for more information see http://eps.lshtm.ac.uk/~ethestho/MALCON.HTM

• Chavasse, D., C. Reed, and K. Attawell. 1999. Insecticide Treated Net Projects: A Handbook for Managers. DfID: Malaria Consortium.
• Partnerships for Change and Communication. Guidelines for Malaria Control. Division of Control of Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization. Developed in collaboration with Malaria Consortium U.K.
• November 1996. Approaches to Malaria Control in Africa - Part 1. Analysis and Opportunities for Malaria Control Support in Selected Countries in Africa-Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. (A Malaria Consortium initiative).

Malaria and Iron Supplementation

• Stoltzfus, R., and M. Dreyfuss. 19__. Guidelines For The Use Of Iron Supplements To Prevent And Treat Iron Deficiency Anemia. Johns Hopkins University/International Nutritional Anemia Consultative Group. The purpose of these guidelines is to provide practical, scientifically sound guidance to those responsible for planning and implementing anemia control programs. (Refer to nutrition references for ordering details.)
• Shankar, Anu, et al. "Iron Supplementation And Morbidity Due To Plasmodium Falciparum: A Meta-Analysis Of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials." Unpublished (as of October 1999. Supported by Johns Hopkins and the USAID OMNI project. Ashankar@jhsph.edu.
• Verhoeff, F. H., B. J. Brabin, L. Chimsuku, P. Kazembe, and R. L. Broadhead. 1999. "An Analysis of the Determinants of Anaemia in Pregnant Women in Rural Malawi-A Basis for Action." Annals of Tropic Medicine and Parasitology, 93(2/March), 119-23. School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, England.
• Haematological data are presented on 4,104 pregnant women attending the antenatal-care facilities of two hospitals in a ruralarea in southern Malawi. Variables associated with an increased risk for moderately severe anaemia were iron deficiency (RR = 4.2; CI = 3.0-6.0) and malaria parasitaemia (RR = 1.9; CI = 1.3-2.7) in primigravidae, iron deficiency (RR =4.1; CI = 2.7-6.3) and mid-upper-arm-circumference < 23 cm (RR = 1.8; CI = 1.1-3.0) in secundigravidae, and iron deficiency in multigravidae (RR = 3.1; CI = 4.3-6.9).

Malaria and GIS

• MARA. 19__. Mapping Malaria Risk in Africa. http://www.mara.org.za/. This reference gives a good idea of how GIS can be usefully employed in health care. It contains all the essential components for an understanding of disease determinants and spatial scale.

Internet References

• The Environmental Health Project Web site with links to several malaria topics, including bednets: www.crosslink.net/~ehp/webliog.html
• EHP Malaria Bulletins: can be assessed at Maternal and Newborn Care
  Homepage is: http://www.crosslink.net/~ehp
• Also, the Malaria Foundation maintains a Web site, www.malaria.org/ with links to the WHO "Roll Back Malaria" project, The Malaria Consortium, and the Asian Collaborative Training Network for Malaria (ACTMalaria), among other entities.
• PubMed-National Library of Medicine www4.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/
• WHO/World Bank Malaria Network (many good online documents) www.malarianetwork.org
• ACTMalaria: (an intercountry initiative between and among Bangladesh, Cambodia, China [Yunnan Province], Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam) www.beebop.com/actmalaria/

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